Episodio 4
Los términos idiomáticos[1], su significado y la definición de la Sunna
Una palabra sobre lo idiomático y lo denotativo.
La importancia de saber las diferencias de sentido entre lo denotativo y lo idiomático
La mezcla de sentido de los términos en el Islam y el desconocimiento de las diferencias de sentido es muy peligroso puesto que podría llevar a la gente que no sabe a las peores consecuencias. Esto es lo que vamos a ver en las siguientes páginas, sobre todo, cuando hablemos de la definición de la Sunna en que aclararemos con detalle las diferencias de sentido entre lo denotativo y lo idiomático.
Abu Hilal al-Askari decía: “La diferencia entre un sentido denotativo e idiomático es que con el idiomático se refiere al nuevo significado que adquiere la palabra cuando se le da un uso religioso como por ejemplo: la oración, la limosna, el ayuno, la creencia, la incredulidad, el islam…, etc., que se usaban antes de la llegada del Islam con sentido diferente del que han adquirido después de la llegada del Islam.
Estas palabras que acabamos de citar ahora, entre otras, se usan todas de manera connotativa y no se usan casi nunca para referirse a su sentido denotativo. Una prueba de ello es la palabra oración que significaba denotativamente súplica que es el sentido original y parece claramente que ha hecho inversión de papeles con el sentido connotativo. Es decir, que el sentido denotativo se usa como connotativo y al revés”
Entonces, vemos que una palabra puede dejar de significar, o de usarse, con su sentido denotativo y adquirir por completo su sentido connotativo como si fuera el sentido original de la palabra.
Los fakih (especialistas de Derecho islámico) dicen que si una palabra normal y corriente se usa dentro del campo semántico religioso y adquiere una connotación determinada, los musulmanes tienen que tener en cuenta esta connotación como si fuera el sentido propio de la palabra. Lo mismo pasa con las palabras que vienen citadas en fuentes religiosas ya que todos los términos necesitan aclaración como (en las aleyas):
(وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ) (البقرة:43).
¡Celebrad la oración y dad la limosna! (Corán, 2:43).
Se ha podido deducir que no se refiere aquí en esta aleya al significado lingüístico sino al significado idiomático según las dos pruebas siguientes:
· El primero: se refiere a algo diferente de lo que se ha indicado lingüísticamente, como la oración y la limosna.
· El segundo: se refiere a lo que está indicado lingüísticamente pero resulta que ha adquirido una connotación religiosa[2].
· Saber estas diferencias es muy importante, como ya dijimos, y por tanto, vamos a profundizar un poco más en el tema.
· Los nombres son tres tipos:
· Primero: los que se reconocen en la Ley islámica, como la creencia, la oración, la limosna, el ayuno, la peregrinación, etc.
· Segundo: nombres propiamente lingüísticos, como el sol, la luna, la noche, el día, etc.
· Tercero: nombre que tienen una connotación relacionada con la tradición.
· El sentido de los términos religiosos incluso si están derivados del árabe clásico, necesita ser explicados en el Islam dado que dichos términos han adquirido un significado nuevo diferente del significado original que tenían.
Ejemplo de ello es la oración (al-Salāt) que significa lingüísticamente la invocación o súplica y tras la llegada de la Ley islámica vino a tener un significado que se refiere a dichos, actos y movimientos que le musulmán tiene que cumplir. la limosna (al-zakāt)quiere decir lingüísticamente el aumento o desarrollo en el campo semántico religioso, se refiere a un porcentaje que el dueño de una propiedad determinada tiene dar como obligación anualmente a los pobres.
De igual modo vemos que el ayuno (al-sawm)significa lingüísticamente la abstención en general y, en términos religiosos islámicos, se refiere a abstenerse de cosas determinadas en momentos determinados.
Asimismo, la peregrinación (al-haŷŷ) significa lingüísticamente la destinación y en términos religiosos estamos hablando de dirigirse a la Kaaba (una construcción en forma de cubo que representa el lugar más sagrado del mundo musulmán) para cumplir con ciertos rituales religiosos.
En conclusión, vemos que la Ley islámica no ha cambiado del todo el significado de estos términos y tampoco lo ha dejado tal cual como era antes en la lengua sino que le ha dado un significado religioso[3].
Si el musulmán no sabe cómo tratar con los términos religiosos e ignora sus diferencias se perdería en un lejano extravío. Para ello, es muy importante, como ya habíamos avanzado antes, que el musulmán sepa con exactitud la diferencia de sentido tanto idiomático como denotativo de la palabra Sunna.
La Sunna desde el punto de vista lingüístico.
La Sunna es una palabra árabe derivada del verbo sanna (سن) que quiere decir lingüísticamente introducir algo como costumbre y repetirlo muchas veces hasta tal punto que se convierte en una norma.
Esta Sunna tiene varios significados:
1. La tradición continua y la manera habitual seguida de manera correcta o incorrecta. Esta definición es la más conocida según apunta Ibn kaṯir que puntualiza: “se ha hablado mucho de la Sunna. La Sunna es la manera y la tradición[4]”. El hecho de que esta manera o tradición sea buena o mala, eso ya depende de cómo la describe la gente y de cómo la transmite.
En este sentido dijo el Profeta (BP) : “Quien introduce en el Islam una práctica (sunna) meritoria sacará de ésta una doble recompensa: la primera por haberla introducido, la segunda constituida por la suma de las recompensas adquiridas por los que le habrán imitado después de él, sin que eso disminuya en nada su propia recompensa. Pero quien introduce en el Islam una práctica mala será penalizado con una doble falta: la primera por haberla introducido, la segunda constituida por el conjunto de faltas cometidas por los que le habrán imitado después de él, sin que eso disminuya en nada sus propias faltas[5]”
Y dijo:
“{…} seguid a mi Sunna y a la Sunna de los Califas (sucesores) que son rectamente guiados y que guían rectamente. Aferraros a ella con los dientes[6]”
También dijo:
“Las tres personas a las que Allah odia más son: un ateo en la Casa Inviolable de Adoración, un musulmán que añora la vida preislámica {…}[7]”
Y dijo:
Ciertamente, vais a seguir las tradiciones de las naciones anteriores palmo por palmo (cuarta por cuarta) codo por codo, incluso si entran en una madriguera de un lagarto entraríais con ellos. Dijimos, ¡Oh, Profeta! ¿A quién se refiere usted?, a los judíos y cristianos. ¿Quién va a ser?[8] Respondió”.
El origen lingüístico de la palabra Sunna esta cogido de verter agua (sanna al-mā’) como viene indicado en el famoso Diccionario de la lengua árabe (lisān al-‘arab).
Esta derivación lingüística la han confirmado muchos: Abu al Jawhari, Bul al-‘Arabī[9], y ‘Omar Ibn Asi[10] en su famoso dicho[11].
En un verso poético de Jaled Ibn Atabata[12] vemos también que usa Sunna con el mismo significado anteriormente explicado.
En este sentido nos gustaría resaltar los dos versículos en los viene la palabra sunna citada:
Allah dijo:
(وَمَا مَنَعَ النَّاسَ أَنْ يُؤْمِنُوا إِذْ جَاءَهُمْ الْهُدَى وَيَسْتَغْفِرُوا رَبَّهُمْ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَأْتِيَهُمْ سُنَّةُ الأَوَّلِينَ) (الكهف:55).
“Lo único que impide a los hombres creer cuando les llega la dirección y pedir el perdón de su Señor, es el no admitir que les alcanzará la misma Sunna que a los antiguos” (Corán, 18:55).
Y dijo también:
(سُنَّةَ مَنْ قَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا قَبْلَكَ مِنْ رُسُلِنَا وَلا تَجِدُ لِسُنَّتِنَا تَحْوِيلاً) (الإسراء:77).
“Lo mismo (la misma sunna) que ocurrió con los enviados que mandamos antes de ti, práctica Nuestra Sunna que encontrarás inmutable” (Corán, 17:77)
2. La Sunna es el modelo y el ejemplo que se imita y se sigue prácticamente en todo. Podría ser la manera de ser, de vivir, de actuar o de comportarse[13]. Vemos que lo repiten el imán Tabari, el poeta Labib Ibn Rabia[14] y Sulaiman Ibn Katata[15] cuando dicen que la Sunna es el modelo que se tiene que seguir.
Asimismo, en un dicho del Profeta (BP) El ser humano tiene que responder siempre por todas las almas que pierden la vida injustamente puesto que fue él quien inició(sanna) este crimen[16], puede significar iniciar algo y por lo tanto se repite y se convierte en una Sunna o acto habitual que se repite mucho o poco.
Con este dicho se refiere al crimen de Kabil, el hijo de Adán y Eva, que mató a su hermano Habil que hace que todos los seres humanos tengamos una parte de la culpa de los crímenes similares.
Habría que añadir también que los árabes dicen la Sunna de fulanito o menganito, es decir, que fue él el primero en iniciarla y por consiguiente lleva su nombre como si fuera una invención de su propia imaginación.
3. La Sunna puede venir también con el significado del lavado y embellecimiento[17]. La poesía árabe está llena de versos en los que viene la Sunna usada con este significado:
Al-Asha dijo describiendo un hombre:
Un hombre con buenos modales de Bani Maawiya que son guapos de cara. Usa la palabra Sunna[18] para decir literalmente bonito y bello.
Ḏu Errama dijo describiendo una chica:
Cuando le ves la cara, ves una cara libre de cicatrices y muy bonita. De la misma manera se ha utilizado aquí la palabra Sunna para referirse a la belleza.
Otro poeta llamado Ṯalab dijo:
Parece muy blanca su imagen[19] en el espejo {…}. En este caso el poeta usa la palabra Sunna para referirse a la imagen o foto de la mujer descrita. Con este mismo sentido también, se usa la Sunna en un dicho del Profeta (BP): “Hablaba el enviado (BP) de la limosna y se levantó un hombre con la sunna (rostro) muy fea[20]”. Con la sunna muy fea se refiere a que el hombre tenía la imagen o el rostro muy feo.
4. Se usa la Sunna también con el sentido de cuidado. Por eso se dice que los actos que dijo o hizo el Profeta (BP) se llaman Sunna porque él los ha cuidado y los ha repetido con mucha atención[21] y dedicación.
5. La Sunna puede venir igualmente con el significado de aclaración y de eso se dice que la Sunna es la que aclara los sentidos confusos de algunos versículos del Corán.
Con este significado viene la Sunna citada en un dicho del Profeta (BP): “Olvido o me hago olvidar para aclarar[22]”, es decir que a veces se me olvida detallar algunas cosas para hacer que la gente se guíe al camino recto y se aclaren las dudas que tienen[23].
[1] Con idiomático nos referimos la significado de los términos o conceptos en el Islam.
[2] Las diferencias, P: 56.
[3] Véase los Fatwa del imán Ibn Taimiya (7/298-302) y El resumen de los rayos enviados (2/347).
[4] La final en los extaños dichos, P: 449.
[5] Lo ha narrado Muslim, El libro de la limosna, capítulo: La persuasión a dar la limosna aunque sea la mitad de un dátil, Nº (1017).
[6] Lo ha narrado Abu Dawud, El libro de la Sunna, capítulo de la obligación de la Sunna (4607) y Termeḏi, El libro de la Ciencia, Capítulo: cumplir con la Sunna y evitar inventar cosas nuevas, Nº (2678) y dijo: dicho verdadero.
[7] Lo ha narrado el Bujari, el libro de las compensaciones, capítulo: Quien pide la sangre sin tener razón (6882).
[8] Lo ha narrado Bujari, el libro del aferramiento al Corán y la Sunna, capítulo: el dicho del enviado (BP) “Ciertamente, vais a seguir {…}”, Nº (7320).
[9] Lo ha narrado Bujari, el libro de las abluciones, capítulo: el profeta (BP) espera, junto con sus compañeros, a que un beduino terminara de mear en la mezquita, Nº (57, 58), y Muslim, el libro de la purificación religiosa, capítulo de la obligación de lavar la orina y excrementos si están en la mezquita, Nº (284).
[10] Lo ha narrado Muslim, el libro de la creencia, capítulo: el Islam anula todas las anteriores religiones, Nº (121)
[11] Diccionario de Lisan al-Arab (la lengua árabe) 13/ 227. Véase también el Diccionario Muhit 4/239 y el Diccionario wasit 1/455-456
[12] Diccionario de Lisan al-Arab (la lengua árabe) 12/225
[13] Diccionario de Lisan al-Arab (la lengua árabe) 13/225.
[14] Quiere decir que eres de un grupo de gente cuyos padres les han educado y enseñado como adquirir conocimientos.
[15] Taf es un lugar cerca de la meca.
[16] Lo ha narrado Bujari, el libro de los profetas, capítulo: La creación de Adán y sus descendientes, Nº 3335 y Muslim, el libro del juramento, capítulo: el pecado de aquel que ha iniciado la muerte, Nº 1677
[17] Diccionario de Lisan al-Arab (la lengua árabe).
[18] Se refiere aquí a la manera o el camino que se tiene que seguir.
[19] Véase Lisan al-Arab (Diccionario de la lengua árabe) 13/224 y el Diccionario el-Wasit 1/455-456.
[20] Lo ha narrado Muslim en al-Musnad (4/288-296).
[21] Véase Lisan al-Arab (Diccionario de la lengua árabe), La corona de la recién casada (9/243-244).
[22] Lo ha narrado Malik en Muwata, el libro del olvido, capítulo: Qué hacemos si olvidamos Nº 2
[23] Véase Lisan al-Arab (el Diccionario de la lengua árabe) 13/225 y el Diccionario Muhit 4/238


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